A podcast answering your questions about Covid-19 (Coronavirus) and encephalitis. Filmed on March 20.
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Doctors initially thought six-year-old Amelia’s unfamiliar behaviour was down to sinus problems, before diagnosing an incurable brain condition…
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Anti-NMDAR encephalitis most commonly presents to psychiatric services, so early identification of this disorder is essential. We aim to validate the two screening criteria (Scott et al.and Herken and Pruss) which have been proposed to identify first episode psychosis patients who should have anti-…
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Objectives Our aim was to compare neuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes across three encephalitis aetiological groups: Herpes simplex virus (HSV), other infections or autoimmune causes (Other), and encephalitis of unknown cause (Unknown). Methods Patients recruited from NHS hospitals underwent neuropsychological and psychiatric assessment in the short-term (4 months post-discharge), medium-term (9–12 months after the first assessment), and long-term (>1-year). Healthy control subjects were recruited from the general population and completed the same assessments. Results Patients with HSV were most severely impaired on anterograde and retrograde memory tasks. In the short-term, they also showed executive, IQ, and naming deficits, which resolved in the long-term. Patients with Other or Unknown causes of encephalitis showed moderate memory impairments, but no significant impairment on executive tests. Memory impairment was associated with hippocampal/medial temporal damage on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and naming impairment with left temporal and left frontal abnormalities. Patients reported more subjective cognitive complaints than healthy controls, with tiredness a significant problem, and there were high rates of depression and anxiety in the HSV and the Other encephalitis groups. These subjective, self-reported complaints, depression, and anxiety persisted even after objectively measured neuropsychological performance had improved. Conclusions Neuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes after encephalitis vary according to aetiology. Memory and naming are severely affected in HSV, and less so in other forms. Neuropsychological functioning improves over time, particularly in those with more severe short-term impairments, but subjective cognitive complaints, depression, and anxiety persist, and should be addressed in rehabilitation programmes.
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Autoimmune limbic encephalitis is characterized by the subacute onset of seizures, short-term memory loss, and confusion and can have a paraneoplastic or nonparaneoplastic etiology.1 Anti-Hu limbic encephalitis is typically paraneoplastic, most frequently associated with small-cell lung cancer.2 We report the case of a 28-year-old man diagnosed with a mediastinal germ cell tumor 9 years after presenting with anti-Hu-positive limbic encephalitis. Case report A 19-year-old man presented after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure after several days of headaches and confusion. He had no medical history and did not take regular medications. There was no history of drug use, and he was a nonsmoker. There was no focal neurologic deficit on examination. Electroencephalography demonstrated right temporal spike and slow wave activity. Brain MRI showed hyperintensity in the right medial temporal lobe on T2 FLAIR sequence, without gadolinium enhancement (figure, A). CSF showed 3 monocytes, and the protein level was slightly elevated (0.48 g/L, NR 0.15–0.45 g/L). He was diagnosed with viral encephalitis. Figure Imaging investigations (A) Axial T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI of the brain showing hyperintensity in the right medial temporal lobe at the age of 22 years. (B) Large anterior mediastinal mass diagnosed at the age of 28 years as demonstrated on CT chest. (C) Large anterior mediastinal mass (age 28) demonstrating high glucose avidity on PET-CT. (D) Left: Markedly increased metabolism in the left anteromesial temporal lobe and hippocampus. Right: Resolution of those changes 11 months after resection of the mediastinal tumor. At the age of 21 years, he re-presented with seizures, confusion, emotional lability, night sweats, and short-term memory loss. MRI demonstrated ongoing T2 FLAIR hyperintensity in the right medial temporal lobe. Further workup revealed serum anti-Hu antibodies by immunofluorescence (Inova Diagnostics, CA), confirmed by line immunoblot (Euroimmun Lubeck, Germany). Other antibodies, including amphiphysin, CRMP5, Ma2, Yo, Ri, titin, recoverin, SOX-1, and VGKC, were negative. He was diagnosed with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis as per the guidelines by Graus.1 The CT scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis was negative for malignancy, and whole-body PET was normal. Ultrasound revealed microcalcifications in the right testis. Alfa-fetoprotein and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) were negative. He was managed with IV cyclophosphamide 0.75 g/m2 monthly for 6 months as per the National Institute of Health (NIH) protocol, IV methylprednisolone 1000 mg daily for 5 days, and IV immunoglobulin (IVIG) 0.4 g/kg/d for 5 days. This was followed by oral prednisone 50 mg daily, weaned to 10 mg daily after several weeks, azathioprine 50 mg twice daily (1.33 mg/kg/d), IVIG 0.4 g/kg 1 day per month, and antiepileptic therapy. His condition followed a fluctuating course, and repeated malignancy screening remained negative. Right orchiectomy was performed at the age of 24 years; however, findings were nonspecific and his condition remained unchanged. At the age of 26 years, a single course of rituximab 1000 mg was given in response to radiologic relapse, after which neuropsychometric parameters and MRI mildly improved. Azathioprine and IVIG continued throughout; prednisone was ceased after a slow wean over 3 years. At the age of 28 years, he re-presented with pleuritic chest pain. CT scan demonstrated a large anterior mediastinal soft-tissue lesion measuring 107 mm, which was highly glucose avid on PET (figure, B and C). Biopsy revealed a nonseminomatous germ cell tumor. Serum alfa-fetoprotein was 954 kIU/L (NR 0–6), and serum β-hCG 19 IU/L (NR 0–5). Serum anti-Hu remained positive, and all other antibodies remained negative. Immunotherapy was ceased, and he received bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) 2 months before surgical resection. Pathologic assessment showed a mixed germ cell tumor with low grade sarcomatous components. Immunohistochemistry was performed on permeabilized formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue with HuD antibody at a dilution of 1:100 on an automated Leica Bond III. Tumor tissue was compared with normal brain as a positive control; however, it did not stain positive. He has been neurologically stable for 3 years postoperatively and has now been able to undertake a vocational training course. He is no longer receiving immunotherapy. Lung recurrences 6 months and 2 years postoperatively required repeat resection and chemoradiotherapy. Neurologic PET, 11 months postoperatively, demonstrated resolution of previously persistent temporal lobe changes (figure, D). Discussion Our patient presented with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, presumably since the age of 19 years. However, it was not until 9 years later that malignancy was detected. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis frequently precedes the diagnosis of an underlying malignancy;2 however, the current criteria for diagnosis include demonstration of malignancy within 42 or 51 years. Anti-Hu antibodies are associated with malignancy in more than 95% of cases, so the eventual detection of malignancy as in our case should not be surprising. It is more typical that Hu antibodies are associated with small-cell lung cancer,3 although a mediastinal germinoma has been reported.4 It is possible that testicular microcalcifications were evidence of earlier immunologic activity, especially given the development of a germ cell tumor. This very long delay between Hu antibody positivity and the diagnosis of malignancy is atypical. Similar cases include detection of small-cell lung cancer 5.5 years after anti-Hu-associated subacute sensory neuronopathy,5 lung carcinoid detected 8 years after initial diagnosis of anti-Ri antibodies,6 and 2 patients in whom malignancy developed 4.5 and 10 years, respectively, after detection of anti-Yo antibody-associated cerebellar degeneration.7 Although our patient’s tumor did not stain positive for anti-Hu, it was likely responsible for his syndrome, as evidenced by his improvement after resection. Negative staining might be explained by preanalytical fixation of the tissue influencing the binding capacity of the antibody or a lack of specificity to particular epitopes on the tumor itself. The long delay between the detection of anti-Hu antibodies and the diagnosis of malignancy in this case highlights the importance of ongoing surveillance for malignancy in the presence of onconeuronal antibodies. Study Funding No targeted funding reported. Disclosure The authors report no disclosures. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Appendix Authors Footnotes Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article. The Article Processing Charge was funded by Concord Repatriation General Hospital. Received November 5, 2019. Accepted in final form January 23, 2020. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. References 1.↵Graus F, Delattre JY, Antoine JC, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2004;75:1135–1140. 2.↵Gultekin SH, Rosenfeld MR, Voltz R, Eichen J, Posner JB, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients. Brain 2000;123:1481–1494.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 3.↵Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, et al. A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 2016;15:391–404.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 4.↵Nanavati A, Zeck J, Philips G, Bade NA. A unique case of pronounced neurologic deficit from paraneoplastic syndrome that precedes appearance of mediastinal germinoma by two years. Case Rep Clin Pathol 2016;3:6–9.OpenUrl 5.↵Gaillard N, Charif M, Carlander B, Pujol JL, Touchon J. Chemotherapy treatment for anti-Hu paraneoplastic syndrome without active malignancy [in French]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2006;162:862–865.OpenUrlPubMed 6.↵Harloff A, Hummel S, Kleinschmidt M, Rauer S. Anti-Ri antibodies and limbic encephalitis in a patient with carcinoid tumour of the lung. J Neurol 2005;252:1404–1405.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 7.↵Rojas-Marcos I, Rousseau A, Keime-Guibert F, et al. Spectrum of paraneoplastic neurologic disorders in women with breast and gynecologic cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82:216–223.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
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This primer summarizes the diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis for healthcare professionals, especially those in acute care special…
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