The Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Foundation Newsletter

The Foundation is once again delighted to offer The Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Foundation’s prize for the best Abstract on autoimmune encephalitis, in association with the …Read More…

Autoimmune encephalitides may account for epilepsies of so far unknown cause. These “autoimmune epilepsies” may respond well to immunotherapy. More than a dozen autoantibodies have been found with this constellation; therefore, broad autoantibody …

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Abstract Objective To report the presenting syndromes and to determine whether pretreatment criteria of Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE) predict response to steroids. Methods We assessed symptoms and steroid responsiveness in 24 patients with pretreatment criteria of HE, including (1) subacute onset of cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms, or seizures; (2) euthyroid status or mild hypothyroidism; (3) serum thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) >200 IU/mL; (4) absent neuronal antibodies in serum/CSF; and (5) no other etiologies. Additional studies included determination of TPOAb (>200 IU/mL) in 74 patients with criteria of possible autoimmune encephalitis (AE) without neuronal antibodies and 205 patients with different neuroimmunologic diseases, psychosis, or new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). Serum antibodies to the amino (ΝΗ2)-terminal of α-enolase (NH2-α-enolaseAb) were examined in the indicated 24 patients and 13 controls. Results The 24 patients (14 women) with suspected HE had a median age of 48 years (range 8–79 years). Four syndromes were identified: psychiatric (7, 29%), encephalopathy (7, 29%), NORSE-like (6, 25%), and limbic encephalitis (4, 17%). Only 6 of 19 (31.6%) patients completely responded to steroids. The frequency of TPOAb in the 74 patients with possible AE (6 of 74, 8.1%) was similar to that of the 205 controls (17 of 205, 8.2%; p = 0.84). NH2-α-enolaseAb were identified in 1 of 24 suspected HE cases and 1 of 13 controls. Conclusion Current pretreatment criteria of HE do not predict steroid responsiveness. The detection of TPOAb across all control groups reveals their poor disease-specificity. NH2-α-enolaseAb did not help in the diagnosis of HE. These findings imply a redefinition of HE that requires a systematic exclusion of antibody-mediated encephalitis. Received April 29, 2019. Accepted in final form August 2, 2019. © 2019 American Academy of Neurology

CASE SUMMARY
A 17-year-old female presented with two days of acute psychosis, which progressed to catatonia and unresponsiveness. During the first several da…

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A product of the American Journal of Neuroradiology. The News Digest features authors discussing their own research, focused upon a common topic each month, which is chosen by a guest editor.

By the time doctors figured out in 2018 that April Kay Braker wasn’t mentally ill, but the victim of a rare disease that causes her immune system to attack her brain, the Schaumburg woman was catonic.

Abstract Objective Leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis is the second most common autoimmune encephalopathy, but insight into the intrathecal B cell autoimmune response including c…

PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

Abstract Objective To describe the detailed clinical characteristics, immunotherapy, and long-term outcomes of patients with anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in China. Methods A single-center, prospective study. Patients who met the diagnostic criteria were enrolled from 2011 to 2017 and followed up. The clinical features, treatment, and long-term outcomes were collected prospectively. Factors affecting the long-term prognosis were analyzed. Results The study included 220 patients. The most common clinical presentations were psychosis (82.7%) and seizures (80.9%). Of the patients, 19.5% had an underlying neoplasm; of which ovarian teratoma was 100% of tumors in females and only one male had lung cancer. Most patients (99.5%) received first-line therapy (glucocorticoids, IV immunoglobulin, or plasmapheresis alone or combined), and only 7.3% received second-line immunotherapy (rituximab, cyclophosphamide alone, or combined). Long-term immunotherapy (mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine >1 year) was administered to 53.2% of patients. During the first 12 months, 207 (94.1%) patients experienced improvement, and 5 (2.3%) died, whereas 38 (17.3%) experienced relapses. At 12-month follow-up, 92.7% had favorable clinical outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2). Conclusions Patients in China present with psychosis and seizure frequently but have a low percentage of underlying neoplasms. Re-enforced first-line immunotherapy is effective in managing anti-NMDAR encephalitis in the acute phase. Although relapse is relatively common, with combined first-line and long-term immunotherapy, most patients reached favorable outcomes. Glossary AE=autoimmune encephalitis; AQP4=aquaporin-4; AZA=azathioprine; CTX=cyclophosphamide; HSV=herpes simplex virus; ICU=intensive care unit; IQR=interquartile range; IVIG=IV immunoglobulin; MMF=mycophenolate mofetil; MOG=myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; mRS=modified Rankin Scale; MTX=methotrexate; NMDAR=NMDA receptor; PE=plasmapheresis; PUMCH=Peking Union Medical College Hospital; RTX=rituximab Anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is the most common type of autoimmune encephalitis (AE), which is associated with autoantibodies against neurosurface or synaptic antigens.1,–,3 Since its first report in 2007,1 with the proposed clinical approach,3 increasing numbers of anti-NMDAR encephalitis cases were identified. Differences in clinical characteristics and treatment strategies of anti-NMDAR encephalitis were reported among races and countries.4,–,10 Main barriers to AE management in China consist of the availability of referral centers, the timeliness of correct diagnosis, and financial concerns.11 In 2017, China proposed a domestic consensus on the management of AE, aiming to increase awareness of the disease and determine the optimal treatment for Chinese patients.12 However, limited data of clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis of Chinese anti-NMDAR patients are available owing to few reports with small sample size.9,11,13,14 Taking the advantage of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) as the national referral center for complicated disease, a prospective anti-NMDAR encephalitis disease cohort was established to describe the clinical characteristics, treatment regimen, and long-term outcomes of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis in China. Methods Study design and population In this study, patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were enrolled consecutively at PUMCH between May 2011 and December 2017. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) acute onset of 1 or more of the 8 major groups of manifestations: psychosis, memory deficit, speech disturbance, seizures, movement disorder, loss of consciousness, autonomic dysfunction, and central hypoventilation; (2) CSF tested positive for NMDAR antibodies (cell-based assay [EUROIMMUN, Lübeck, Germany]); and (3) reasonable exclusion of other disorders. To better understand the clinical characteristics, we also recorded the co-occurrence of fever, headache, arrhythmia, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and other atypical symptoms. Because of limited resources of the hospital and financial concerns the patients, the absolute indications for ICU admission included severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis with ovarian teratoma requiring surgical operation, status epilepticus, mechanical ventilation requirement, and hemodynamic instability. Demographic data and ancillary tests results were recorded, including age at onset, sex, disease course, CSF tests results, MRI, and EEG results. All patients were screened at least once for systemic tumors at onset. Patients with tumors underwent tumor removal. Immunotherapy included first-line (corticosteroids, IV immunoglobulin [IVIG], or plasmapheresis [PE] alone or combined) and second-line (rituximab [RTX] and cyclophosphamide [CTX] alone or combined) immunotherapies.6,7 Long-term immunotherapy (mycophenolate mofetil [MMF] or azathioprine [AZA] >1 year) and other immunotherapy (intrathecal methotrexate [MTX]) were also administered.15,16 Patients were followed regularly in local hospitals or PUMCH neurology clinics. Treatment effects and long-term outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). A poor response was defined as no improvement in the mRS score or as an mRS score ≥4 for 4 weeks; clinical improvement was defined as a decrease in the mRS score ≥1 point from that at the previous visit; relapse was defined as an exacerbation of previous symptoms or the occurrence of new symptoms after being stable for 2 months. Long-term favorable outcome was defined as an mRS score ≤2, and poor outcome was defined as an mRS score >2 at the end of follow-up. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS IBM 20.0. GraphPad Prism 6.0 was used to generate figures. Quantitative data with normal distributions are presented as mean ± SD, otherwise as medians with the interquartile range (IQR). The mRS scores before and after treatment were compared using the Wilcoxon test. Symptoms and demographic data were analyzed using the χ2 test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Factors affecting outcome were assessed using binary logistic regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank were used to analyze relapse frequency. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of PUMCH (JS-891), and informed consent was obtained from each patient. All the data analyzed in the study were strictly anonymous. Data availability Anonymized data not published within this article will be made available by request from any qualified investigator. Results Clinical characteristics A total of 220 patients were enrolled, and all were tested for anti-NMDAR antibody with paired CSF and serum. All patients (100%) were positive for anti-NMDAR antibodies in CSF, and 157 (71.4%) were positive in serum. Review of the enrolled patients indicated that all patients met the diagnostic criteria proposed by Graus et al.3 The median age at onset was 21 (range 5–72) years, with 69 (31.4%) of the patients younger than 18 years. Overall, 143 (65.0%) patients were females, and 77 (35.0%) were males. Tumors were found in 43 (19.5%) patients: 42 females with ovarian teratomas and 1 male with lung cancer. All the female patients with ovarian teratomas underwent tumor removal, whereas the patient with lung cancer was treated with palliative therapy by an internist and later died of cancer. In addition, 8 patients were found to have prominent moles on the body surface, which were later resected. Pathologically, the moles were compound or intradermal nevi.17,18 The most common clinical manifestations of the anti-NMDAR encephalitis were psychosis (182, 82.7%) and seizures (178, 80.9%). Movement disorder presented more often in patients younger than 18 years than adult patients (38/69, 55.1% vs 56/151, 37.1%, p = 0.01). Table 1 describes the patients’ clinical characteristics in detail. View inline View popup Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis Figure 1 shows the distribution of female patients according to age and presence vs absence of tumor; the peak co-occurrence of ovarian teratoma was between 19 to 24 years. Figure 1 Distribution of female patients by age and presence or absence of ovarian teratoma Ancillary test results All patients underwent brain MRI at onset, and 79 (35.9%) had abnormal fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence signals, including 31 (14.1%) in the medial temporal lobe. Other involved areas included the frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem. Eleven (5.0%) patients had demyelinating lesions, of whom 4 were positive for aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody and 5 for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody. Abnormal EEG findings were seen in 113 (51.4%) patients: 102 (46.4%) had slow activity and 14 (6.4%) epileptic discharges. However, as most patients received short-duration EEG instead of video EEG of 24 hours or longer, the percentage of delta-brush abnormality was unable to assess. Repeated lumbar punctures were performed for diagnosis and evaluation, and the CSF results at onset before immunotherapy were collected and analyzed. The analysis showed a median opening pressure of 170 (IQR 150–280) mmH2O. Of note, 81.3% of the patients had pleocytosis, the median white blood cell count was 14.0 (IQR 7.0–22.5) × 106/L, and 90.9% were of mononuclear cells (i.e., lymphocyte and monocytes). The protein level was elevated in 29.7% of the patients. Table 2 summarizes the main ancillary tests of the patients. View inline View popup Table 2 Summary of the main ancillary tests results Improvements in diagnosis accuracy and general hospitalization status Underrecognition and misdiagnosis were inevitable in the past, occurring at the initial visit to a local physician or admission to our hospital. In 2011, 4 patients were identified, taking a median duration of 9 (IQR 1–36) months before diagnosis was made. The misdiagnosis rate then was 75.0%, with most cases misdiagnosed as viral encephalitis. With increased awareness of AE, screening for anti-NMDAR antibodies at admission is now required for all cases with suspected encephalitis. By 2017, the misdiagnosis rate had decreased to 15.4%. Overall, 30 patients were misdiagnosed with viral encephalitis, 10 with schizophrenia, 2 with epilepsy, and 1 each with cerebral angiitis, cerebral vascular events, and tuberculosis. The percentages of correct diagnosis at the initial hospital visit over misdiagnosis by calendar year were shown in figure 2, indicating a growing number of referred patients and increased correct diagnosis identified over the years. Figure 2 Number of patients of correct diagnosis over misdiagnosis at the initial hospital visit by calendar year The median duration from onset to diagnosis was 2 (IQR 1–4) weeks. Immunotherapy was initiated the same day diagnosis was made and sometimes even before diagnosis at local hospitals as empirical treatment. The median length of hospitalization was 26 (IQR 14–42) days. However, severe patients who required intensive care stayed in the hospital for up to 117 days. Treatment outcomes Overall, 219 (99.5%) patients received first-line immunotherapy, in most cases a combined regimen of repeated steroids and IVIG. A total of 208 (94.5%) patients received steroids, of whom 103 (46.8%) received pulsed IV methylprednisolone. IVIG was administered to 199 (90.5%) patients, and 7 (3.2%) patients underwent PE. Second-line immunotherapy was administered to only a small proportion of the patients, usually because of the off-label use of RTX in AE, cost, IV and hospitalization requirements, and concerns about side effects. Twelve (5.5%) patients received RTX, and 4 (1.8%) received CTX. Long-term immunotherapy was administered mainly in patients who were enrolled later, as an add-on therapy for severe or refractory patients in the acute phase, or as maintenance therapy to prevent and manage relapses. In general, MMF was administered in 109 (49.5%) patients, 55 of whom at onset and 54 after relapse, and AZA was administered in 8 (3.6%) patients. In addition, intrathecal MTX was given to 8 (3.6%) severe patients. During the first 12 months, 207 (94.1%) patients experienced improvement, 8 (3.6%) were stable, and 5 (2.3%) patients died. All survival patients were followed for at least a year (range 12–72 months). At 12-month follow-up, 204 (92.7%) patients had attained satisfactory neurologic function (mRS score of 0, 1, and 2 in 144, 47, and 13 patients, respectively) compared with 23 (10.5%) patients with an mRS score ≤2 at onset, as shown in figure 3. The median mRS score at the last follow-up was 0 (IQR 0–1), which was significantly lower than the score of 4 (IQR 3–5) at onset (Z = −12.67, p < 0.0001). Figure 3 Distribution of mRS scores at onset and last follow-up mRS = modified Rankin Scale. Table 3 summarizes the comparisons between patients with favorable and poor clinical outcomes. Of interest, more patients with speech disturbance were identified in the favorable outcome group (p = 0.03). Further analysis indicated that patients with speech disturbance presented to the neurologist earlier than those without (20 days [IQR 12–34 days] vs 31 days [IQR 19–58 days], p = 0.008, Z = −2.665). However, age at onset, the rates of decreased consciousness level, central hypoventilation, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, ovarian teratoma, and relapse were higher in the poor outcome subgroup, although none of these differences reached significance. View inline View popup Table 3 Comparisons of clinical data of patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis Relapse During the first 12 months, 38 (17.3%) patients experienced a first relapse. Their median age was 21 (IQR 16–37) years, and the median duration from onset to the first relapse was 7 (IQR 5–10) months. Of the relapsed patients, 25 (65.8%) were female, and 5 had ovarian teratomas at disease onset. Thorough clinical and laboratory examinations were conducted to rule out other etiologies and to validate the diagnosis. Two patients were treated at local hospitals before antibodies were tested, whereas 10/36 (27.8%) patients showed elevated antibody titer at relapse during serial serum antibody monitoring. Of the 17 patients who underwent lumbar puncture, CSF antibodies were detected in 15 (88.2%) patients. MRI was abnormal in 8 (21.1%) patients, and an ovarian teratoma was detected in only 1 (2.6%) patient at relapse. A delay in treatment was associated with relapse (p < 0.01). However, neither tumor status (p = 0.58) nor treatment regimen (p = 0.34) was statistically associated with relapse frequency (figure e-1, links.lww.com/NXI/A157). All relapsed patients underwent reinitiation of the first-line immunotherapy, and 18 patients were also given long-term MMF. Subsequently, 12 (31.6%) patients experienced further relapses (range 2–4 episodes). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of subsequent relapse between MMF-treated patients and other patients (4/18, 22.2% vs 8/20, 40.0%, p = 0.31). Subsequent relapses were similar to, or worse than, the initial episodes in only 3 (7.9%) patients. The initial hospitalization duration was 25 (IQR 14–43) days, and the subsequent hospitalizations were all shorter than 14 days. Between 2011 and 2017, 80 (36.4%) patients experienced relapse, and 21 (26.3%) experienced multiple relapses (range 2–4 episodes). Most patients had a first relapse during the first 24 months (64/80, 80.0%). However, relapses up to 6 years after onset were also reported in our cohort. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the largest Chinese anti-NMDAR encephalitis cohort to date. In our study, anti-NMDAR encephalitis is predominantly found in females (65.0%) with the median age at onset of 21 years. Most patients presented with psychiatric symptoms and seizures, and younger patients presented more often with movement disorders, which are consistent with previous studies.6,7 However, our study reported a low ICU admission rate. The large cohort study of Titulaer et al.7 reported that 75% (435/563) of patients with mRS score ≥4 were admitted to the ICU. In our study, because of limited availability of medical recourses and concern of expenses, only 68/133 (51.1%) of the severe patients (mRS score ≥4) were admitted to the ICU. The prevalence of an underlying neoplasm varied among studies. Titulaer et al.7 reported that 38% of the patients had a tumor, and Asian patients were more likely (45%) to have a teratoma. However, only 19.5% of the patients in our cohort had a tumor, with 29.4% of the females had an ovarian teratoma. Other studies of Chinese or Asian patients have also reported low prevalence of tumors (Lim et al., 22.7%; Wang et al., 8%; Liu et al., 6.7%; and Zhang et al., 8.1%).8,11,13,14 The heterogeneity among reports may be due to sample sizes and selection bias or other factors including genetic backgrounds and epidemiologic reasons, and future studies are required. In tumor-negative patients, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection has been reported to be the possible trigger. However, as the gold standard for the infection is PCR testing, which is expensive and time consuming, most patients received empirical treatment before or even without a definite diagnosis of HSV encephalitis. Thus post-HSV anti-NMDAR encephalitis was unable to assess in our current study. Brain MRI findings provide further evidence that anti-NMDAR encephalitis is a “diffuse encephalopathy.”6 Abnormal signals were reported in 35.9% of the patients, predominantly in the medial temporal lobe. Signals in other areas of the cortex, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum were also reported. Notably, “overlapping syndrome” was identified in 11 (5.0%) patients with both MRI demyelinating lesions and anti-AQP4 or anti-MOG antibodies.19 Studies have suggested more intense immunotherapy requirements and more residual deficits in these patients.19,20 In our series, all these patients received long-term immunotherapy with MMF, and 10 (90.9%) had favorable clinical outcomes. In the management of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, repeated first-line immunotherapy was frequently used in our cohort, whereas second-line immunotherapy was administered in a small portion of patients owing to the off-label use of RTX for AE in China, cost, hospitalization requirements, and concerns about side effect.9,11,14,15 However, long-term immunotherapy was administered to 117 (53.2%) patients, including MMF to 109 (49.5%). With combined therapy of re-enforced first-line therapy and long-term immunotherapy, 204 (92.7%) patients reached favorable clinical outcomes, and the median mRS score decreased significantly from 4 to 0 at a follow-up of 12 months. Compared with other reports (Dalmau et al., 77%; Tituaer et al., 79%; Wang et al., 80.4%; Liu et al., 64%; and Zhang et al., 89.2%),6,7,11,13,14 we observed more satisfactory clinical outcomes. Speech disturbance was found to be more frequent in the group with favorable outcome. Further analysis indicated that patients with speech distance were diagnosed earlier. Thus, this could be a confounder reflecting better recognition and therefore quicker treatment. Relapses were relatively common in our cohort. The definition of relapse in our study, along with other proposed definitions,7,21,22 is based more on observations and descriptions of clinical symptoms. Nevertheless, thorough examinations are needed to rule out other disorders and validate the diagnosis. When monitoring and evaluating the relapses, MRI was frequently unremarkable. The serum antibody titer did not correlate with the clinical severity perfectly, and some relapsed antibodies were detected only in the CSF, as previously reported.6,22 However, serial CSF monitoring may be impractical during follow-up, and better indicators should be identified in future studies. Neither tumor status nor treatment regimen was associated with relapse frequency statistically, possibly due to the low prevalence of tumor and variety in the treatment regimens used in our cohort. Long-term MMF did not prevent further relapses, possibly because of the relatively small sample size, and the role of long-term immunotherapy warrants further investigation. Although most patients experienced a first relapse within 24 months, relapse 6 years after onset was also reported. Other reports also suggested that AE relapse could occur years after the initial episode.21,23,24 Therefore, extended follow-up is essential. Our study has several limitations. As the national referral center for complicated disease, our cohort may be biased by more refractory cases. The analysis for each individual treatment, particularly for long-term immunotherapy, and the assessment of relapses warrants further study. Parameters other than the mRS score are required to describe fully the outcomes of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, especially in evaluating the cognitive or behavioral function, which usually remains last in these patients. Despite these limitations, our study adds to the present knowledge of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, and acts as a precursor for future multicenter studies with more comprehensive evaluations, and studies to further evaluate the efficacy of each individual treatment. We describe the clinical characteristics, immunotherapy regimens, and long-term outcomes of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis in China. Repeated first-line therapy is effective in managing acute phase encephalitis, and the efficacy of long-term immunotherapy warrants further study. Although relapses are relatively common, most patients reached favorable outcomes. Further multicenter studies with more advanced study design, more detailed evaluation, and extended follow-up are required. Study funding The study was supported by (1) National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant no. 2016YFC0901500); (2) Center for Rare Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Grant no. 2016ZX310174-4); and (3) Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Foundation (Grant no. Z161100000516094). Disclosure The authors report no disclosures. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Acknowledgment The authors thank Prof. Jianming Wang of Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Prof. Jiawei Wang of Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University for providing advice for the article. They also thank Dr. Yan Zhang of Xuanwu Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Dr. Yongqiang Hu of Beijing Fengtai Youanmen Hospital, and Beijing Encephalitis Group for contributing participants. Appendix Authors Footnotes Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article. ↵* These authors contributed equally to the manuscript. The Article Processing Charge was funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant no. 2016YFC0901500); Center for Rare Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Grant no. 2016ZX310174-4); and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Foundation (Grant no. Z161100000516094). Received April 21, 2019. Accepted in final form September 12, 2019. Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. 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An Ohio woman was in a coma for seven months due to a mysterious illness — but her and her mother’s fight for her survival led to a second chance at life.