A podcast answering your questions about Covid-19 (Coronavirus) and encephalitis. Filmed on March 20.
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A look at how the antibody influences the pathology of encephalitis, and how it can be properly assessed and treated.
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Pearls Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis can coexist with an overlapping demyelinating syndrome. An atypical presentation of a single autoimmune disorder should prompt investigation for coexistent autoimmune disorders. Discovery of overlap syndromes is important because the management and prognosis may be different. Oysters In autoimmune encephalitis, shorter time from symptom onset to treatment initiation has been associated with better outcome.1 Treatment should not be delayed until the result of autoantibody testing is available. Case report A 31-year-old man developed a subacute onset of headache, left-sided numbness, and anterograde amnesia. In the following 2 weeks, he experienced personality changes, anxiety, paranoid thoughts, 7 kg weight loss, and worsening cognitive changes. He said that he felt as though he was trapped in a time loop, meaning that events seemed to be constantly recurring to him. He denied fever, night sweats, viral prodromal symptoms, or recent vaccinations. He was diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in 2007 from which he made a full recovery. On neurologic examination, he was inattentive and agitated. His word registration and short-term recall at 5 minutes were 0 of 5. He had verbal and motor perseveration with echolalia. He had decreased sensation to pinprick on his entire left side. He also had left pronator drift and bilateral athetosis of the upper limbs. The remainder of his examination was normal. His overall clinical examination finding was consistent with a multifocal process involving subcortical and cortical regions. On day 1, routine blood testing including complete blood cell count with differential, metabolic panel, liver function test, RPR, ESR, ANA, thyroid function tests, thiamine, B12, urinalysis, urine toxicology screen, heavy metal screening, and HIV were normal or negative. Brain MRI revealed multiple T2 hyperintensities within the right internal capsule, periventricular white matter, and bilateral mesial temporal lobes. There were contrast-enhancing lesions involving the right dorsal pons and right internal capsule and thalamus (figure, A–F). CSF analysis demonstrated 9 nucleated cells/µL with lymphocytic predominance. On day 2, CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis and testicular ultrasound were negative for malignancy. Cervical and thoracic spine MRI was performed to look for any past or active demyelinating lesions, especially in the setting of previous history of ADEM, and the result was normal. Video EEG did not demonstrate abnormal ictal or interictal epileptiform discharges. By this time, CSF Gram stain, cultures, and viral PCRs returned negative, and 8 CSF-specific oligoclonal bands were present. Serum and CSF NMDA-R IgG and serum MOG-IgG1 antibodies were sent to the laboratory. On hospital day 3, IV methylprednisolone 1000 mg was started and repeated daily for 5 total days. Left hemihypesthesia and pronator drift improved after treatment, and immediate follow-up brain MRI revealed resolution of contrast enhancement. However, his cognitive changes and neuropsychiatric symptoms persisted. His Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) score was 10 of 30 despite steroid treatment. Hence, on day 8, he was started on 5 rounds of plasmapheresis (PLEX). After PLEX, he became much calmer, his time loop ended, and his MOCA score improved to 19 of 30. His CSF NMDA-R IgG antibody and serum MOG-IgG1 returned positive. He was diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis with overlapping MOG-IgG–associated demyelinating syndrome (MOGAD). He was started on long-term maintenance therapy with rituximab. Figure Brain MRI findings in anti-NMDAR encephalitis with overlapping MOG-IgG–associated demyelinating syndrome (A) Axial T2-FLAIR brain MRI from September 2018 showing right greater than left T2 hyperintensities in the mesial temporal lobes, (B) in the right posterior limb of the internal capsule, and (C) in the right periventricular white matter tracts. (D) Axial T1 gadolinium-enhanced brain MRI showing right pontine crescent-shaped contrast enhancement and (E) punctate enhancement in the right pons and (F) in the right posterior limb of the internal capsule and thalamus. (G and H) Axial T2-FLAIR brain MRI from June 2007 showing T2 hyperintensities in the right subcortical region and periventricular white matter tracts. (I and J) Axial T2-FLAIR brain MRI from November 2007 showing largely resolved lesions. On 6-month follow-up, his MOCA score improved to 25 of 30 with resolution of neuropsychiatric symptoms and memory issues. He is planning to go back to work. Discussion We present a rare case of subacute autoimmune encephalitis with clinical features of both anti-NMDAR encephalitis and MOG-associated disorder (MOGAD), which was not fully encompassed by either entity alone. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis with overlapping demyelinating syndrome is rare, but has previously been described in the literature. In a large retrospective analysis of 691 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis,2 11 of 691 patients had anti-NMDAR encephalitis occurring simultaneously with additional clinical and MRI features inconsistent with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Only 2 patients were seropositive for MOG-IgG1 antibodies with features that would be atypical for anti-NMDAR encephalitis alone, such as ataxia, unilateral hemiparesis, or infratentorial MRI abnormalities. Our patient presented with clinical features that are typical of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: headache, behavioral changes, abnormal movements (athetosis, chorea, and dystonia), memory loss, and speech disturbance. He did not develop other symptoms, such as autonomic dysregulation or severe encephalopathy requiring intensive care unit admission, which was perhaps related to the prompt recognition of the diagnosis and early treatment with immunotherapy.3 Brain MRI can be normal in as many as 50% of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, although multiple abnormalities have been described in some patients including nonspecific T2 hyperintensities, most commonly in mesial temporal lobes, but also in the cerebellar or cerebral cortex, subcortical regions, or brainstem.4 In our patient, brain MRI demonstrated heterogeneous T2 hyperintensities in the bilateral mesial temporal lobes (figure, A). These lesions did not resemble demyelinating lesions, as there was an absence of confluent T2 hyperintensity or contrast enhancement. Our patient’s presentation also included several features atypical of NMDAR encephalitis. His left hemihypesthesia and pronator drift are better explained by overlapping demyelinating syndrome because unilateral sensorimotor deficits are rarely seen in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. His sensorimotor symptoms were linked to MRI findings of demyelination including confluent T2 hyperintensity of the right thalamus, internal and external capsule, peripheral diffusion restriction, and rim enhancement along the leading edge of inflammation in T1 postgadolinium sequence5 (figure, C–F). These atypical features led to additional testing for MOG-IgG1 in serum. He did meet the criteria for the diagnosis of coexisting MOGAD with previous history of ADEM, MOG-IgG seropositivity, and MRI findings compatible with CNS demyelination.6 Our patient did not have other clinicoradiographic features of MOGAD, such as longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions, conus medullaris lesions, or perioptic gadolinium enhancement of the optic nerves.7 MOGAD is generally highly responsive to corticoseroids,6 and his unilateral sensorimotor symptoms resolved rapidly on finishing 5 doses of IV methylprednisolone, whereas neuropsychiatric symptoms resulting from anti-NMDAR encephalitis took several weeks to resolve. The exact mechanism and frequency of overlapping anti-NMDAR and demyelination is uncertain. His previous presentation of encephalitis with diagnosis of ADEM occurred in 2007, a time when MOG-IgG antibody testing was not commercially available. A brain MRI obtained in 2007 at the time of his ADEM diagnosis revealed lesions in the right periventricular white matter tracts, which fully resolved months after the initial onset of symptoms (figure, G–J). Our patient’s recurrent episode in 2018 affected these areas again (figure, B and C). Recurrence of disease in the same location has been described in patients with relapsing-remitting ADEM.8 Therefore, his case likely represents relapsing MOGAD, and it is quite possible that the patient was seropositive in 2007, as persistent seropositivity is associated with an increased risk of relapses.9 Although our patient has coexistent MOG and NMDAR antibodies, the initial treatment remains similar to that of a patient with either antibody alone. First-line immunotherapy consists of corticosteroids, IVIG, PLEX, or a combination of the 3. In patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with malignancy, tumor excision should also be performed. In patients whose symptoms are refractory to first-line therapy, additional second-line immunotherapy, such as rituximab or cyclophosphamide, is needed.3 If relapse occurs, a long-term maintenance immunotherapy after rescue treatment may reduce the likelihood of future relapses. Although initial treatment approach for anti-NMDAR encephalitis and demyelinating disorders is similar, subsequent management strategies for recurrence of symptoms, prognosis, and risk of recurrence could be different, which highlights the importance in diagnosing both conditions.2 Surveillance for relapse is more challenging because neurologist, patient, and family members need to monitor for relapses of both disorders, including not only typical neuropsychiatric symptoms of NMDAR encephalitis but also heterogeneous manifestations associated with MOGAD. Also, as in our case, subsequent treatment plan was more complex because his residual neuropsychiatric symptoms and executive dysfunction had to be managed with multidisciplinary approach including psychiatry and comprehensive rehabilitation. In summary, NMDAR encephalitis can occur simultaneously with MOGAD. If a patient presents with aforementioned demyelinating features that are atypical for NMDAR encephalitis alone, serum MOG-IgG1 should be tested. Likewise, clinicians should have a low threshold to test for other neural autoantibodies in patients who have a diagnosis of MOGAD who present with atypical features such as movement disorders or neuropsychiatric symptoms. Study funding No targeted funding reported. Disclosure The authors report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Mystery Case responses: A 31-year-old with left-sided numbness, amnesia, and personality changes The Mystery Case series was initiated by the Neurology® Resident & Fellow Section to develop the clinical reasoning skills of trainees. Residency programs, medical student preceptors, and individuals were invited to use this Mystery Case as an educational tool. Responses to multiple-choice questions formulated using this case were solicited through a group email sent to the American Academy of Neurology Consortium of Neurology Residents and Fellows and through social media. We received 580 responses. The majority of respondents (66%) had just been in practice for 1–4 years; 56% were residents or fellows, whereas 34% were faculty/board-certified physicians; the remainder were medical students or advanced practice providers. Seventy percent resided outside the United States. A wide range of practice settings was represented. When presented with this brief vignette and the brain MRI of a 31-year-old with left-sided numbness, amnesia, and personality changes and asked for the 2 most likely differential diagnoses, 58.3% correctly chose autoimmune encephalitis, and 37.6% correctly recognized demyelinating lesions. The most frequently selected incorrect options were CNS lymphoma (32.6%), tertiary syphilis (15.3%), and MELAS (14.3%), these are lower in the differential. After being given preliminary results, the participants were asked for the 3 most important next tests. Autoimmune encephalitis panel was correctly chosen by 70.7%. Because of the suspicion of demyelination, the other correct answers included whole-spine MRI with contrast (28.1%) and AQP4 and MOG antibodies (37.1%). The most commonly selected incorrect answers were CSF cytology and flow cytometry (46.4%), CSG HSV PCR (21.0%), and syphilis treponemal test (16.7%). Although these tests are reasonable, they are lower in priority for this patient. Finally, the participants were asked for the best empiric treatment while waiting for results. IV methylprednisolone was correctly selected by 55.9%. The most common incorrect answers were IV acyclovir (17.9%) and no therapeutic intervention (14.0%). This patient testing came back with a positive anti-NMDAR antibody and anti-MOG antibody. He was diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis with overlapping MOG-IgG–associated demyelinating syndrome. He received IV steroids, followed by PLEX with good response. This overlap syndrome has been previously described, and in a study, 5% of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis showed evidence of demyelinating disease.1 Antibodies against AQP4 and MOG have been reported in these cases.1,2 Although acute treatment is similar, recognition of these association is important to guide long-term treatment. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Appendix Authors Footnotes Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article. Survey and results: NPub.org/mc9417 © 2020 American Academy of Neurology References 1.↵Lancaster E. The diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis. J Clin Neurol 2016;12:1–13.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 2.↵Titulaer MJ, Höftberger R, Iizuka T, et al. Overlapping demyelinating syndromes and anti–N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2014;75:411–428.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 3.↵Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:63–74.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 4.↵Dalmau J, Geis C, Graus F. Autoantibodies to synaptic receptors and neuronal cell surface proteins in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. Physiol Rev 2017;97:839–887.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 5.↵Tillema JM, Pirko I. Neuroradiological evaluation of demyelinating disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2013;6:249–268.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 6.↵Jarius S, Paul F, Aktas O, et al. MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing. J Neuroinflammation 2018;15:134.OpenUrl 7.↵Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, et al. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome. J Neuroinflammation 2016;13:280.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 8.↵Cohen O, Steiner-Birmanns B, Biran I, Abramsky O, Honigman S, Steiner I. Recurrence of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis at the previously affected brain site. Arch Neurol 2001;58:797–801.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 9.↵López-Chiriboga AS, Majed M, Fryer J, et al. Association of MOG-IgG serostatus with relapse after acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and proposed diagnostic criteria for MOG-IgG–associated disorders. JAMA Neurol 2018;75:1355–1363.OpenUrl References 1.Titulaer MJ, Hoftberger R, Iizuka T, et al. Overlapping demyelinating syndromes and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2014;75:411–428.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 2.Hacohen Y, Absoud M, Hemingway C, et al. NMDA receptor antibodies associated with distinct white matter syndromes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2014;1:e2.
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We are pleased to share with you the remarkable and miraculous story of Ariana from New Zealand. When the doctors had given up, her family did not.
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Dr. Antonella Consiglio’s group will receive 150,000 euros for an 18-month project.The project aims to develop a stem cell-based…
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Encephalitis is a severe inflammatory disorder of the brain with many possible causes and a complex differential diagnosis.Advances in autoimmune enc……
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Abstract Objective: Evaluate the psychiatric presentation of anti-NMDAR encephalitis to identify features that help differentiate from a primary psychiatric disorder. Background: Anti-NMDAR encephalitis results from antibodies binding the glycine subunit of the NMDA receptor, with consequent capping and internalisation of the receptor causing neuronal dysfunction. Presentation with psychiatric disturbance is common but identification of cases prior to neurological deterioration is difficult. Early treatment is associated with better outcomes, however, diagnosis requires CSF analysis which is not routinely performed. Design/Methods: Retrospective review of all positive serum and CSF anti-NMDAR encephalitis cases in QLD, Australia between 2010 – 2018 and all published cases from inception of PubMed and Embase until Jan 2018. Comparison analysis with control cases of first episode psychosis with an anti-NMDAR antibody negative result. Results: There were 706 cases identified in literature and 24 cases locally. These were typically young (mean 22.6 years), female (F:M ratio 3.5:1) and presented with significant behavioural disturbance. Psychosis was present in 45.8%. The most common psychiatric symptoms were severe agitation and aggression, abnormal speech and catatonia. In addition, prodromal cognitive deficits and antipsychotic sensitivity were seen before neurological deterioration in cases but not in the 103 control cases. Conclusions: Several features including prodromal cognitive deficits, speech disturbance, antipsychotic sensitivity and catatonia are seen early in the course of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. These key features would not be typical of primary psychiatric disease and clinicians should have a low index of suspicion to proceed to lumbar puncture. Disclosure: Dr. Warren has nothing to disclose. Dr. O’Gorman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Swayne has nothing to disclose. Dr. Siskind has nothing to disclose. Dr. Blum has nothing to disclose.
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Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, an autoimmune disorder resulting from antibodies directed against the NMDA (glutamate) receptor, is the second most frequent cause of immune-mediated encephalitis.
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Several “red flags” could tip off clinicians to a diagnosis of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis,…
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Objective To evaluate disease symptoms, clinical and MRI findings and to perform longitudinal volumetric MRI analyses in a European multi‐center cohort of pediatric anti‐NMDAR encephalitis (NMDARE)…
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